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Stages of FermentationChemical composition changes during fermentation Different strains of yeast become active at each stage Dozens of strains are present at start Fewer can tolerate rising alcohol concentration Similar to a mountain  plants change with elevation Z Native and Cultured Yeasts{Native yeasts are those naturally present in the vineyard and winery Cultured yeasts have a defined composition of strains  Native or Cultured Yeasts?fNative Add to the  sense of place or terroir Add distinctive flavors and mouth feel Performance is less predictable Cultured Very reliable Select based on type of wine to be madePn 6n 6& Malolactic Fermentation Converts malic (stronger) to lactic (weaker) acid Done by Oenococcus bacteria after yeast fermentation stops Reduces acidity of wine and can create a buttery aroma (diacetyl) Done with nearly all red and some whites, such as buttery Chardonnay 61 > - aIAgeing ProcessBarrels Add flavor components Allow small amounts of oxygen into wine Flavor and color development Soften tannins by polymerization Micro Oxygenation Oxygen micro-bubbles in wine Accelerates flavor and color development Softens tannins (polymerization)b>>h>> h Oak BarrelsAmerican High levels of aromatic compounds (lactones) Gives wine a characteristic oaky flavor French Low aromatics Higher polyphenols Wines are more structured, less aromatic L VK VK,S$ +Oak Flavor CompoundsSulfitesProtect from oxidation Prevent bacteria growth Are a natural product of fermentation Very difficult to make good wine without themSulfites and OxidationDoes not prevent oxidation Binds to products of oxidation (aldehydes) Masks their smell and taste White wines need more sulfite than red Red wines contain natural antioxidants (polyphenols) White wines have less antioxidants and need more protection^G'q 6'q,; m >Sulfite-free Wines<Grapes must be free of mold and fungus Winery must be kept very clean Wine is very fragile  store at 55 deg. Wines may have a less interesting flavor profileSulfites and HealthCan cause asthmatic reaction in some people Sulfite in two glasses of wine is below Recommended Daily Allowance Often assumed to be the cause of other adverse reactions because are listed on the label Dried fruits can contain 10 times as much sulfite (1000 ppm) as wine (100 ppm)Z,Volatile Sulfur CompoundsFormed in absence of oxygen Can create positive and negative tastes The best wine makers know how to control them to ensure consistent wine quality Can be affected by bottle closures Natural corks allow very small oxygen intake Screw caps allow no oxygen intake&OOCorks and Screw CapsANatural cork is made from cork tree bark Up to 5% of corks contain some TCA (trichloroanisole) responsible for cork taint Gives wine a musty, moldy, or wet cardboard aroma and taste Humans can detect 1 part per trillion TCA in wine (1 drop in 13 million gallons!) Corks can also leak, causing excessive oxidation of wine&BZgMAdvantages of CorksVery compressible  make a tight seal that can last over 30 years Easy to remove Allow micro amounts of oxygen intake  believed to be essential for long-term bottle ageing Everyone enjoys the  ceremony of uncorking a bottle of wine! So What About Screw Caps?Never cause wine contamination Prevent any oxygen intake Easy to remove without a corkscrew Association with cheap wines  but that is changing rapidly Long-term bottle ageing still needs more study Synthetic CorksPolymers that resemble cork Do not seal as well as natural cork or screw caps Can be very difficult to extract Composite Corks Finely ground natural cork Stripped of TCA with supercritical carbon dioxide Molded into traditional cork shapeLSpSp Wine Flavor ChemistryWine contains over 1000 volatile flavor compounds 400 compounds produced by yeast Impossible to control the amount of each compound But can control relative amounts of different classes of compoundsWine Flavor CompoundsAcids Essential for good taste structure Prevent growth of micro organisms Alcohols Mostly ethanol Concentration affects taste Sugars Fructose and glucose in grapes (sweetest of berries) Dry wines have almost none Residual sugars off-set acidityE +pE +p  Wine Flavor CompoundsPolyphenols Main flavor components of red wine Anthocyanins give red color Potential health benefits Volatile Compounds Largest class Major contributor to flavor ` Y* Y*$ $ hTanninsFrom skins, seeds, and stems of grapes Amount extracted depends on wine making processes Give wine an astringent taste that is reduced by ageing or micro-oxygenation Precise molecular structure not well understood Wine and Health6The French Paradox Diet high in saturated fats and red wine Lower than expected incidence of coronary heart disease Higher than average red wine consumption Difficult to prove that wine is a factor Polyphenols, in conjunction with alcohol, may have antioxidant effects and may prevent formation of blood clots6 e  ConclusionWine contains a lot of fascinating chemistry Taste of wine is a direct result of its chemical composition Wine makers can only influence the final mix, not control it down to level of each chemical compound Wine making is therefore a unique combination of art and science!&Z Further ReadingFThe Science of Wine, Jamie Goode, University of California Press, 2005G4  0` 33` Sf3f` 33g` f` www3PP` ZXdbmo` \ғ3y`Ӣ` 3f3ff` 3f3FKf` hk]wwwfܹ` ff>>\`Y{ff` R>&- {p_/̴>?" dd@,f|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>>  (    6r  `}  T Click to edit Master title style! !  0u  `  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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   On-screen ShowЌ ArialDefault DesignMicrosoft Office Excel ChartThe Chemistry of Wine FermentationHistory of YeastStages of FermentationNative and Cultured YeastsNative or Cultured Yeasts?Malolactic FermentationAgeing Process Oak BarrelsOak Flavor Compounds SulfitesSulfites and OxidationSulfite-free WinesSulfites and HealthVolatile Sulfur CompoundsCorks and Screw CapsAdvantages of CorksSo What About Screw Caps?Synthetic CorksWine Flavor ChemistryWine Flavor CompoundsWine Flavor CompoundsTanninsWine and Health ConclusionFurther Reading  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles_o0JackJack